Quantum computing has been making major advances in recent years, bringing us closer to the development of practical quantum computers. 2023 saw several key breakthroughs that indicate quantum supremacy may be achievable within the next decade.

In July, researchers from MIT and Harvard demonstrated the first fully programmable 51-qubit quantum computer. While still far from the thousands or millions of qubits needed for universal quantum computing, it is a significant step towards scalable and reprogrammable quantum systems. The researchers used novel techniques to detect and correct errors, allowing them to run more complex quantum algorithms.

In September, a startup named Quantum Valley using trapped ion technology announced their prototype 128-qubit system. They claim it will be capable of demonstrating quantum advantage over classical supercomputers by 2025. The ability to harness quantum effects like superposition and entanglement is expected to enable quantum computers to perform certain tasks billions of times faster.

The two leading applications appear to be quantum simulation and quantum chemistry. Quantum simulators could model complex phenomenon like photosynthesis, allowing us to develop more efficient solar cells and agricultural processes. In quantum chemistry, difficult atomic and molecular interactions could be simulated precisely to discover new materials, drugs or industrial catalysts.

However, many experts warn that quantum computing could also render current encryption standards obsolete, posing major cybersecurity risks. Post-quantum cryptography is being researched, but transitioning global networks will take significant time and resources. Quantum networks could also revolutionize communication and fail-safes may be needed for existing infrastructure.

While general purpose quantum computing for the average user is still a distant goal, we are seeing rapid progress. The 2024 Olympics may be the last without quantum technologies playing a major role. The quantum era is coming - bringing with it both great promise and great uncertainty.